From+Lyndon+Johnson's+Presidency+until+the+The+Triumph+of+Conservatism

There are now 5 groups and not 6--please look over the roster to see your group # if you were in group 6.
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The Missile Crisis

 * (MANISHA SAHAI)**
 * Why did the Soviets create the Berlin Wall in 1961? **
 * To stem a growing tide of emigrants feeling from East to West Berlin.
 * It stood as a tangible symbol of the Cold War ad the division in Europe.
 * **Web Source: ** “By 1961, nearly 2,000 East Germans were fleeing into West Berlin every day. At the Vienna summit of June 1961, Khrushchev again demanded that the Americans leave West Berlin. Kennedy refused – and on 25 July he increased America’s spending on weapons. On 13 August, Khrushchev closed the border between East and West Berlin – and built a wall. The Berlin Wall became a symbol of the Cold War” ([]).
 * **Primary Source **: []
 * [[image:berlin-wall.jpg width="330" height="256"]]


 * What was the most dangerous crisis of the Kennedy administration, and perhaps the entire Cold War? **
 * It was in October 1962, when American spy places discovered that the Soviet Union was installing missiles in Cuba capable of reaching the United States with nuclear weapons.


 * What are some plausible Russian motives for this? **
 * They hoped to alter the world balance of power.
 * They hoped to stave off another American invasion of Cuba.


 * What was Kennedy’s response? **
 * He imposed a blockade, or “quarantine” of the island and demanded the missiles’ removal.


 * What was the outcome of this response? **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev agreed to withdraw the missiles.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Kennedy pledged that the U.S. would not invade Cuba
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Kennedy secretly agreed to remove the American Jupiter missiles from Turkey, from which they could reach the Soviet Union.


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In 1963, Kennedy moved to reduce Cold War tensions. How? **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In a speech at American University, he called for greater cooperation with the Soviets.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He warned against viewing the Cold War simply as a battle between the forces of light and those of darkness.


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What happened in the summer of 1936? **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The two countries agreed to a treaty banning the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere and in space.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Kennedy also sent word to Castro through a journalist that he desired a more constructive relationship with Cuba.

Kennedy and Civil Rights
It was because he seemd to share FBI director J. Edgar Hoover's fear that the movement was inspired by communism.
 * <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">(DELANI DUMPIT) **
 * Why had Kennedy been reluctant to take a forceful stand on black demands?**

Despite promising to ban discrimination in federally assisted housing, he issued the approved FBI wiretaps on King that were approved by his brother, Gen. Robert F. Kennedy.
 * What order did Kennedy issue towards Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. at the end of 1962?**

He used federal force when obstruction of the law became acute, as at __the University of Mississippi.__ But he failed to protect civil rights workers from violence, insisting that law enforcement was a local matter.
 * When did Kennedy use federal force for civil rights? When did he not use it?**

He realized that the United States simply could not declare itself the champion of freedom throughout the world while maintaining a system of racial inequality at home.
 * What did Kennedy realize after the events in __Birmingham in May 1963__?**

Kennedy went on national television to call for the passage of a law banning discrimination in all places of public accommodation. //"We preach freedom around the world..., but are we to say to the world, and much more importantly, to each other, that this is a land of the free except for Negroes"// -John F. Kennedy
 * What action did he take in June to help push civil rights?**

While riding a motorcycle through Dallas, Texas, Kennedy was shot and killed. Most likely the assassin was Lee Harvey Oswald, a troubled former marine. This is considered partly because Oswald was murdered two days later by a local night club owner while in policy custody.
 * What happened on November 22, 1963?**

Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded Kennedy. The responsibilities left to him were to secure passage of the civil rights bill and to launch a program of domestic liberalism far more ambitious than anything Kennedy had envisioned.
 * Who assumes the spot of President after Kennedy's death? What were his responsibilities?**

The site keys in on whether the physical evidence in the JFK assassination case has been tampered with. <http://www.maryferrell.org/wiki/index.php/Evidence_Tampering%3F> Those who defend the Warren Commission's lone gunman thesis point to key items of physical evidence tying Oswald to the crime. But skeptics point to evidence which exonerates Oswald. They can't both be right. One possibility is that some of the evidence itself is planted, lied about, or tampered with. An example of the conundrum: CE 399, "the magic bullet," has markings tying it to the rifle was found on the 6th floor of the Texas School Book Depository, attributed to Oswald. But Oswald's cheek failed a paraffin test given to see if he had fired a rifle that day, and CE 399 itself was found mysteriously on a hospital stretcher more than an hour after the shooting. Was CE 399 fired from the rifle at an earlier date and then planted on the hospital stretcher? Serious allegations of tampering have been made regarding the following items of physical evidence, among others. The arguments in each case are largely circumstantial, and have varying degrees of support: //Left: HSCA drawing by mortician Tom Robinson. Middle: HSCA drawing by FBI agent James Sibert. Right: HSCA recreation of JFK autopsy photo. (no autopsy photo shows rear head wound described by Dallas doctors and autopsy participants)// <http://www.maryferrell.org/wiki/images/5/5d/Photo_jfk_3heads.jpg>
 * Website: JFK's assassination - Evidence Tampering**
 * CE 399** – The "magic bullet" found on a stretcher in Parkland Hospital, with rifle markings tying it to the "Oswald" rifle.
 * Cartridges** – Only two cartridges were turned over by the Dallas Police to the FBI initially, with a third coming later. This cartridge is dented in such a way that it could not now be fired.
 * Paper bag** – The paper bag purportedly used by Oswald to carry the rifle into the TSBD building.
 * Bullet fragments** – The fragments taken from victims, Governor Connally in particular.
 * Windshield** – The windshield from the Presidential limousine, showing only a crack where some witnesses claim to have seen a through-and-through hole.
 * Tippit murder cartridges** – Cartridge cases found at the scene of the murder of Officer Tippit.
 * "Backyard" photos** – Photos of Oswald holding a rifle and pistol were disputed by Oswald himself.
 * Autopsy photos & X-rays** – Photographs and X-rays of the JFK autopsy held by the National Archives, including brain photos from a supplemental exam.
 * Zapruder film** – Recently some have even questioned the authenticity of the Zapruder film home movie of the assassination.
 * Kennedy's body** – David Lifton has explained the discrepancy in medical reporting between Dallas and Bethesda as due to alteration of the President's body prior to autopsy.

Lyndon Johnson’s Presidency (William Tian)
Johnson, unlike Kennedy, did not grow up in a privileged family. Johnson came from the poorest part of Texas, while Kennedy came from the wealthiest parts of the East Coast. Johnson was also much more interested in domestic reform and civil rights issues, while Kennedy was mainly focused on fighting the Cold War.
 * How was Johnson himself different from Kennedy?**

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (William Tian)

 * How was the Civil Rights Act unusual beyond the fact that it granted unprecedented rights to minorities?**

Johnson pushed the act very aggressively, and brought it up immediately after the assassination of Kennedy. He used the death of Kennedy as a tool to promote the act, saying that it would be a good memorial to Kennedy.


 * Why were provisions that banned sex discrimination put in?**

These provisions were put in by opponents of the bill as an effort to derail the whole thing. Ultimately, the plan failed and backfired, as the bill passed, along with the provisions that made it even more liberal.

Outside Source: [|Our Documents]

· The Act was signed into law on July 2, 1964 · It prohibited discrimination in public places, provided the integration of schools and public facilities, and banned employment discrimination. · The Act was halted by the House Rules Committee for a long time, and Senate opponents tried to kill it with a filibuster. · Senator Hubert Humphrey and Everett Dirkson rallied support for the bill and got it passed, along with the help of Johnson.

Freedom Summer (DANICA HOM)
The issue was the right to vote in the South, which many civl rights activists felt was very important. f A bunch of civil rights groups, with white and black members a like, such as the SNCC, CORE AND HAACP began a drive for voter registration in Mississippi. This did not go over well with the people in the area, so the groups were met with violence. Schwerner and Goodman (who were white), along with Chaney (who was Afrian American) were murdered by a group led by a sheriff, in June. The MFDP (Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party) was created because blacks were not allowed to vote, nor play a role in the Democratic party. The MFDP was open to all residents of Mississippi. The MFDF planned to overtake the seats of Mississippi's all-white party. President Lyndon Johnson did not believe in granting the MFDPs wishes, and tried to make a compromise by offering to give up two seats for black delegates, but the MFDP refused. Hamer was a member of the MFDP, and she spoke at the MFDP hearings about her childhood in Mississippi, as well as about the beatings from police that she underwent. As a Christian, Hamer believed that the movement of freedom was inspired by God, and that Christianity was balanced on freedom. This picture came from a website that depicted Fanne Lou Hamer in a Gallery of Honor as a civil rights activist. http://rogerhollander.wordpress.com/2009/03/08/iwd-2009-gallery-of-honor/
 * What issue did the 1964 law leave out, which caused Freedom summer?**
 * What happened in the summer of 1964?**
 * What happened to Michael Schwerner, Andrew Goodman and James Chaney?**
 * Why was the MFDP created, what was their plan, and how did it turn out?**
 * Who was Fannie Lou Hamer and what did she do?**
 * Web Source**

=
An opponent of Johnson and a conservative, Goldwater advocated for a more aggressive approach to the Cold War, suggesting that nuclear war could be the price of freedom. He voted against the Civil Rights Movement of 1964, did not believe in the New Deal welfare state, and believed that extremism to protect America could never be harmful.======

=
Prop 14 was an appeal, which invalidated a 1963 law banning racial discrimination in the sale of real estate. California conservatives won that battle, even though California voted Democratic for Johnson.======

The Conservative Sixties (Kimmie Aralar)
The Young Americans for Freedom was a group of conservative students who emerged in politics in the 1960s. The YAF attempted to take control of the Republican Party as they believed its leaders had accepted America's coexistence with communism.
 * 1. What was the YAF?

Picture: owlnet.rice.edu The YAF logo symbolizes modern conservatism as the Young Americans for Freedom is still active today 2. What was the Sharon Statement? The Sharon Statement was issued by 90 young people to establish YAF. It summarized beliefs among conservatives that the free market had reinforced personal freedom, the government should be limited, and "international communism" must be destroyed.

3. How did the Sharon Statement and the Port Huron Statement of SDS of 1962 correlate? They both portrayed the youth as a new form of radicalism and claimed to offer a way to greater freedom.

4. What did Barry Goldwater bring to the conservative cause? Funds from Goldwater's campaign established a financial base for conservatism. His campaign also led the Deep South into the Republican Party.

5. How did conservatives respond to desegregation? Conservatives believed that desegregation was an invasion of states' rights.

Outside source: Slate.com Southern white conservatives condemned //Brown v. Board of Education's// desegregation decision. Conservatives disregarded attempts for transformation within education and racial inequality. The Supreme Court made their decision keeping in mind "material equality" between white and black Americans.

6. What was the National Review? What Argument did they offer concerning race? The National Review was an influential conservative magazine which stated that whites were the advanced race. It also supported the disenfranchisement of black Americans. **

The Voting Rights Act (Felicity Chen)
What was Kings tactic for the voting rights campaign in Selma? January 1965, King launched a march, protesting the injustice in Selma where very minute percentage of the black residents were allowed to vote. Defying a ban by Governor Wallace, King attempted to lead his march from the Selma to Montgomery attracting police attention.

How did the police respond to the march? How was this march the last legislative triumph? State police assaulted the protesters with atte prods, whips and tear gas. National TV broadcast violence against innocent, nonviolent demonstrates. The phrase "the man's unending search for freedom" was Johnson's argument in asking Congress to enact a law securing the right to vote. In 1965, congress passed the Voting Rights Act which allowed federal officials to register voters. Black southerners finally regained the suffrage that was stripped from them.

What was the 24th amendment? Outlawed the poll tax, which had long prevented poor blacks from voting.

http://mormongandhi.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/capt-wxs61503060012-selma_march_wxs615.jpg

Immigration Reform (Marianne Medrano)
The civil rights movement had succeeded in eradicating the legal bases of second-class citizenship with court orders and federal laws prohibiting discrimination in public accommodations, employment, and voting.
 * By 1965, what did court orders and new federal laws prohibiting discrimination help?**

The unexpected result has been one of the greatest waves of immigration in the nation's history — more than 18 million legal immigrants since the law's passage, over triple the number admitted during the previous 30 years, as well as uncountable millions of illegal immigrants. And the new immigrants are more likely to stay (rather than return home after a time) than those who came around the turn of the century. Moreover, this new, enlarged immigration flow came from countries in Asia and Latin America which heretofore had sent few of their sons and daughters to the United States. And finally, although the average level of education of immigrants has increased somewhat over the past 30 years, the negative gap between their education and that of native-born Americans has increased significantly, creating a mismatch between newcomers and the needs of a modern, high-tech economy. []
 * What were some reasons the Hart-Celler Act stayed?**

The Hart-Celler Act abandoned the national-origins quota system of immigration, which had excluded Asians and severely restricted southern and eastern Europeans.
 * Who did the Hart-Celler Act not contain?**

The law established new racially neutral criteria for immigration, notably family reunification and possession of skills in demand in the United States. Because of the growing hostility in the Southwest to Mexican immigration, the law established the first limit, 120,000, on newcomers from the Western Hemisphere.
 * What did this law establish and do?**

The category of “illegal aliens” was created. The Act set the quota for the rest of the world at 170,000. The total annual number of available immigrants, 290,000, represented a lower percentage of the American population that had the nationality quotas established in 1924.
 * What category was formed because of this law?**

Because of special provisions for refugees from communist countries, immigration soon exceeded these caps. The new law had many unexpected results. At the time, immigrants represented only 5 percent of the American population—the lowest proportion since the 1830s.
 * What happened to immigration levels because of Amer****ica’s dislike of communism?**

No one anticipated that the new quotas not only would lead to an explosive rise in immigration but also would spark a dramatic shift in which new comers from Latin America, the Caribbean and Asia came to outnumber those from Europe. [| http://www.stchrishouse.org/modules/ImageAV/lib/getImage.php?koId=10765]
 * Where did most of the immigrants come from?**

The Great Society (Marissa Phelan)
1. What did Johnson outline as the most sweeping proposal for governmental action since the New Deal? Johnson, after his landslide victory in 1964, outlined his initiatives of 1965-1967 to promote the general welfare.

2. What was the Great Society? -Johnson's initiatives of 1965-1967

Web Source: http://www.ushistory.org/us/56e.asp "In 1964, Johnson declared a "war on poverty." He challenged Americans to build a "Great Society" that eliminated the troubles of the poor. Johnson won a decisive victory over his archconservative Republican opponent Barry Goldwater of Arizona". These are some of the measures that were created under his administration:
 * The Wilderness Protection Act saved 9.1 million acres of forestland from industrial development.
 * The Elementary and Secondary Education Act provided major funding for American public schools.
 * The Voting Rights Act banned literacy tests and other discriminatory methods of denying suffrage to African Americans.
 * Medicare was created to offset the costs of health care for the nation's elderly.
 * The National Endowment for the Arts and Humanities used public money to fund artists and galleries.
 * The Immigration Act ended discriminatory quotas based on ethnic origin.
 * An Omnibus Housing Act provided funds to construct low-income housing.
 * Congress tightened pollution controls with stronger Air and Water Quality Acts.
 * Standards were raised for safety in consumer products

Primary Source: Letter from Governor of California concerning the Great Society program (especially with agriculture):

(http://www.raabcollection.com/Resources/Images/Manuscripts/BigImages/large_LBJ-6.24.65.jpg)

3. What did the Great Society try to achieve? The Great Society provided health services to the poor and elderly in the new Medicaid and Medicare programs. In addition it poured federal funds into education and urban development.

4. What new cabinet offices developed from the Great Society? Departments of Transportation and of Housing and Urban Development

5. What new agencies developed from the Great Society? A) Equal Employment Opportunity Commission B) National Endowments for the Humanities and for the Arts C) National broadcasting network

6. Were the powers of the government limited or expanded under the Great Society? If so, how? The power of the federal government greatly expanded the powers of the federal government. They completed and extended the social agenda (except national health insurance) that had been stalled in Congress since 1938.

7. How was the Great Society different from the New Deal? Unlike the New Deal, the Great Society was a response to prosperity rather than depression.

8. Why were the mid 1960s a time of rapid economic expansion? Who proposed these measures? This was fueled by increased government spending and a tax cut on individuals and businesses. These measures were initially proposed by Kennedy and enacted in 1964.

9. What did Johnson and Democratic liberals believe about economic growth? Johnson and Democratic liberals believed that economic growth made it possible to fund ambitious new government programs and to improve the quality of life.

The War on Poverty (Kathreece Farrales)
The book revealed that 40 to 50 million people in American were living in poverty, mostly in urban or rural areas. Technological improvements, like the mechanization of agriculture and the automation of industry, eliminated the jobs of farmers and unskilled workers. Web Source: "Harrington’s central thesis argues that a culture of poverty exists in America. The culture of poverty “twists and deforms the spirit.” The culture of poverty proved “immune to progress” and their failure was not individual and personal, but “a social product.” Harrington refutes common held beliefs that Americans exist in a state of poverty as a result of their own failures." []
 * What did Michael Harrington's book, //The Other America//, reveal?**

http://silverseason.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/harrington.jpg The War on Poverty didn't address the direct ways of eliminating poverty. This included guaranteeing an annual income for all Americans, creating jobs for the unemployed, promoting the spread of unionization, or making it more difficult for businesses to shift production to the low-wage South or overseas. It also didn't address the economic changes that were reducing the number of well-paid manufacturing jobs and leaving poor families in rural areas. They provided Head Start, which is an early childhood education program, job training, legal services, and scholarships for poor college students. They also created VISTA, a domestic version of the Peace Corps for the inner cities. The War on Poverty aldo required that the poor [;ay a leading role in the design and implementation of local policies.
 * What did the War on Poverty lack?**
 * How did the Office of Economic Opportunity lift the poor into the social and economic mainstream?**

Freedom and Equality (Sarah Creely)
1. What was the Great Society? The name Johnson gave his reform program. He came into office making sure to finish what Kennedy started, which was the Civil Rights Bill, which Johnson was able to pass, and this also helped him get voted into office against Republican Barry Goldwater. http://countrystudies.us/united-states/history-121.htm

http://stommel.tamu.edu/~baum/ethel/great-society.gif 2. What did Johnson try to do to help black poverty? Sought to redefine the relationship between freedom equality by saying that more is needed to be done to get ride of scars, there needs to be equality as a fact and as a result not just as a right. 3. Was the War on Poverty successful? Yes, it succeeded in reducing the incidence of poverty from 22 percent to 12 percent by spending money. Though the money spent couldn't end poverty all together or transform poor neighborhoods into better ones.

The Changing Black Movement (Kathreece Farrales)
The white folks believed that the legislation achieved the nation's obligation to assure blacks equality before the law, but blacks still noticed discrimination in jobs, education, housing, and in the criminal justice system.
 * What did the whites and blacks think about how the legislation of 1964 and 1965 handled the issue of segregation?**

GROUP 2
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The Ghetto Uprising (rcaoili)
The Watts uprisings in the black ghetto of Los Angeles occurred days after Johnson singed the Voting Rights Act. An estimated 50, 000 persons participated in the “rebellion,” attacking police and firemen, looting white-owned businesses, and burning buildings. By the time 15,000 police and National Guardsmen settled down the rebellion 35 people were dead, 900 were injured, and $30 million worth of property had been destroyed. http://images.rezoom.com/read/dm_5491.jpg King called for the mobilization of the nation’s resources to abolish economic deprivation, and insisted that after “doing something special against the Negro for hundreds of years.” the US had an obligation to “do something special for him now”, which would be known as “affirmative action.” **What was King’s Chicago Freedom Movement?** King launched the Chicago Freedom Movement as an end to discrimination by employers and unions, equal access to mortgages, the integration of public housing, and the construction of low-income housing scattered throughout the region. King called for a “revolution in values” that would create a “better distribution of wealth” for “all God’s children” [|wilderapush - From Lyndon Johnson's Presidency until the The Triumph of Conservatism - Edit] http://www-tc.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/story/images/12_chicago_04.jpg
 * What took place during the Watts uprisings of 1965?**
 * Why did Martin Luther King Jr. call for a “Bill of Rights for the Disadvantaged”?**

Malcolm X

 * How did Malcolm X get into the religion of Islam? What did it teach him?**
 * He was converted to Islam faith, or "Black Muslims" when he got into jail for crimes when he was younger. taught/preached about the messages of white evil and black self discipline
 * What did the "X" in his name represent?**
 * The X represented black separation from their ancestry.
 * What was the significance of Malcolm X's visit to Mecca in 1964?**
 * It showed him the harmony among all Muslims of different races. He began to speak out about having interracial cooperation in the unted States.
 * What happened after his assassination in February 1965?**
 * White people considered him an apostle of racial violence. He called for blacks to rely on their own resources which helped influence urban poor and young civil rights activists. Also, one of his autobiography was published in 1966, becoming a huge best seller. Also, he formed an organization - Afro-American Unity.

http://drnorth.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/martin-luther-king-and-malcolm-x.jpg This picture is also in our book. This is a picture of Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X during their only meeting on march 26, 2964 during the Civil Rights Act debate.

The Rise of Black Power (Jessica Gabasan)
"Black Power" was a slogan that originated from Malcom X and came to national attention in 1966. It became a rallying cry for those upset with the federal government's failure to stop violence against civil rights workers as well as economic problems of black ghettos.
 * What was "Black Power" and how did it reflect blacks' frustration with the government?**

Black Power meant freedom from whites who tried to dictate the movement's goals. It suggested many ideas, from the election of more black officials to the black Americans as a colonized people who can only achieve freedom through a revolutionary struggle. Their ideas reflected the radicalization of young civil rights activists.
 * What were some of the ideas of "Black Power?"**

Blacks developed more self-respect for their race. For example, they created the slogan "black is beautiful." They also used "Afro-American" rather than "Negro." Also, black beauty pageants, African styles of dress, and the "natural" or "Afro" hairdo became popular among both men and women, and signified not just a change in language and fashion, but reflected a new sense of racial pride and rejection of white norms.
 * What were some examples of the new racial self-assertion that came from this movement?**

Web source: The "Black is Beautiful" movement came from the Black Power ideology. It is a cultural movement that tried to eliminate the widespread notion that Black people's natural traits (skin color, facial features, hair) were ugly. The movement asked men and women to stop straightening their hair and bleaching their skin in order to appear "white." This movement is largely responsible for the popular Afro hairstyle. Most importantly, it gave this generation of Blacks the courage to feel good about who they were and how they looked. @http://www.blackhistory.com/cgi-bin/blog.cgi?blog_id=62378&cid=54

Image found: @http://libcom.org/library/black-particularity-reconsidered-adolph-l-reed-jr

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; font-weight: normal;">What made the New Left new? It's rejection of the intellectual and political categories that had shaped radicalism and liberalism for most of the twentieth century. it challenged not only mainstream America but also what it dismissively called the Old Left. Unlike the Communist Party, it did not take the Soviet Union as a model or see the working class as the main agent of social change. Instead of economic equality and social citizenship, the language of New Deal liberals, the New Left spoke of loneliness, isolation, and alienation, of powerlessness in the face of bureaucratic institutions and a hunger for authenticity that affluence could not provide. What unlikely combination created the upheaval we now know as the Sixties? The convergence of society's most excluded members demanding full access to all its benefits, with the children of the middle class rejecting the social mainstream. []

The Fading Consensus
The years 1962 and 1963 witnessed the appearance of what such several path-breaking books that challenged the 1950s consensus?** James Baldwin’s //The Fire Next Time// gave angry voice to the black revolution. Rachel Carson’s //Silent Spring// exposed the environmental costs of economic growth. Michael Harrington’s //The Other America// revealed the persistence of poverty amid plenty. //The Death and Life of Great American Cities// by Jane Jacobs criticized urban renewal, the removal of the poor from central cities, and the destruction of neighborhoods to build highways, accommodating cities to the needs of drivers rather than pedestrians.
 * (Jacqui Liu)
 * What was the SDS?

** The Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) was an offshoot of the socialist League for Industrial Democracy that met up at Port Huron, Michigan, where some sixty college students adopted a document that captured the mood and summarized the beliefs of this generation of student protestors. The Port Huron Statement devoted four-fifths of its text to criticism of institutions ranging form political parties to corporations, unions, and the military-industrial complex. It was the guiding spirit of a new radicalism in that the remainder of the statement offered a new vision of social change. This became a standard by which students judged existing social arrangements – workplaces, schools, government – and found them wanting. The idea suggested a rejection of the elitist strain in which government experts would establish national priorities in the name of people.
 * What was the Port Huron Statement?**
 * How does this relate to “participatory democracy”?**

The Rise of SDS
By the end of 1962, the SDS had grown to 8,000 members.
 * By the end of 1962, how large had the SDS grown?** (Chris Mullen)

University of California at Berkeley, an immense, impersonal institution where enrollments in many classes approached 1,000 students.
 * What was the Cold War "multiversity?"** (Chris Mullen)

The spark that set student protests alight was a new rule prohibiting political groups from using a central area of the campus to spread their ideas. Students—including conservatives outraged by being barred from distributing their own literature—responded by creating the Free Speech movement.
 * What event inspired student protests at the University of California at Berkeley?** (Chris Mullen)

It moved from demanding the repeal of the new rule that originally inspired the protests to a critique of the university's structure and of an education that focused on preparing graduates for appropriate jobs.
 * How did the SDS program change? (Viktor Huerta)

**What happened in 1965? (Viktor Huerta) The university gave in on the speech ban, and one activist said that the students succeeded in reversing the world-wide drift from freedom.

America and Vietnam
Jennifer Rillamas

(multiple choice questions) What two factors of the cold war classified the Vietnam War as the "greatest miscalculation in the history of foreign relations? <span style="font-family: Helvetica,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;">**answer: policies and assumptions**

<span style="font-family: Helvetica,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;">answer: walter lippman
 * Who warned the danger of the Cold War would be "viewing the entire world and every local situation within it through the either or lens of an anticommunist crusade" ?

When the Americans defeated French colonialism and decided to create a pro-American South Vietnamese government, what previous agreement was broken? <span style="font-family: Helvetica,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;">answer: The Geneva Accords of 1954

(short answer question) What is counterinsurgency and where does it fit in with the time period we are studying?** Counterinsurgency is a type of intervention to counter internal uprising in noncommunist countries. During the time period we are studying counterinsurgency appears with the Kennedy Administration and their hopes of using counterinsurgency to prevent communist uprisings in non communist countries, especially in Vietnam.

Lyndon Johnson’s War
Josh Schrag What lead to the Republican’s getting rid of Truman? § The Republicans used the “loss” of china as a weapon against Truman What was the Gulf of Tonkin resolution and why did it come into effect? § In August 1964, Northern Vietnamese ships spotted American ships conducting a spy mission and President Johnson claimed that the Vietnamese fired at the American vessels. This resolution authorized the president to take “all necessary measures to repel armed attack” in Vietnam. The resolution was the closest thing to a declaration of war made by the US. § On August 4, 1964, President Lyndon Johnson announced that two days earlier, U.S. ships in the Gulf of Tonkin had been attacked by the North Vietnamese. Johnson dispatched U.S. planes against the attackers and asked Congress to pass a resolution to support his actions. The joint resolution “to promote the maintenance of international peace and security in southeast Asia” passed on August 7, with only two Senators (Wayne Morse and Ernest Gruening) dissenting, and became the subject of great political controversy in the course of the undeclared war that followed. The Tonkin Gulf Resolution stated that “Congress approves and supports the determination of the President, as Commander in Chief, to take all necessary measures to repeal any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent any further aggression.” As a result, President Johnson, and later President Nixon, relied on the resolution as the legal basis for their military policies in Vietnam. § [] Who were the only two senators to oppose the resolution? § Ernest Gruening of Alaska and Wayne Morse of Oregon Why did President Johnson first say that he had no intention of putting troops in Vietnam but change his mind later? § President Johnson was up for reelection and as soon as he was reelected into office he took the opportunity to make a plan with recommendations from the National Security Council. When Viet Cong in February 1965 attacked an American air base in South Vietnam, President Johnson took the opportunity to begin his plan of bombing Northern Vietnam and introducing American troops to the ground of South Vietnam Why did the American Government intervene in the Dominican Republic? § Military leaders in 1963 had overthrown the left wing but noncommunist Juan Bosch, the country’s first elected president since 1924. In April 1965, another group of military men attempted to restore Bosch to power but were defeated by the ruling junta. Fearing the unrest would lead to “another Cuba”, Johnson dispatched 22,000 American troops. How was the war being fought by 1968? § By 1968, the number of American troops in Vietnam exceeded half a million, and the conduct of the war had become more and more brutal. American planes dropped more tons of bombs on the small countries of North and South Vietnam than both sides used in all of WW2.

The Anti-War Movement
(Mary Ingalla & Ronny Zelaya)

By 1968, the war had sidetracked much of the Great Society and had torn families, universities, and the Democratic Party apart. With the entire political leadership, liberal no less than conservative, committed to the war for most of the 1960, young activists lost all confidence in "the system."
 * By 1968, what were effects of the war on the Great Society and other parties? Also, what did it mean for the young activists?**

College students were only group of people exempted from the draft, causing burdening of fighting to fall on the working class and the poor.
 * What group of people were exempted from the draft and who did the burden of the draft fall on?**

In 1967, Martin Luther King Jr. was the most prominent American to speak out against the war and condemned Johnson' administration Vietnam policy as an unconscionable use of violence and for draining resources from needs at home.
 * Who was the most prominent American speak out against the war in 1967 and condemned Johnson's administration on Vietnam policy?**

__Web Source:__ http://library.thinkquest.org/27942/indexf.htm Link gives an overview of the effects of the Anti-War Movement and how effects of the Movement would help turn public opinion against the war.


 * Who was Carl Ogelsby and why is he important?**

Carl Ogelsby was an SDS (Students for democratic society) who openly challenged the foundations of cold war thinking. He linked Vietnam to a critique of American interventions in Guatemala and Iran and Johnsons dispatch of troops to the Dominican Republic all rooted in anticommunism.

By 1967, people were fleeing the county for http://farm1.static.flickr.com/24/95135032_db5d983171.jpg and burning their draft cards because most felt that it was an unjust war. In October, 10,000 antiwar protesters ascended on the Lincoln Memorial and marched to the pentagon, butting flowers in the rifle barrels of soldiers guns
 * What was the impact of the Anti- War?**



The Counterculture

 * (Bahareh Mehrizi) **

Its definition was centered on participatory democracy and as the 1960s progressed, young. moden Americans view of freedom expanded to cultural freedom. This lead to the counterculture.
 * What was the New Left's definition of freedom?**

Counterculture was a generational rebellion; a youth revolt because of the Vietnam War. Millions of young people openly rejected values and behavior of their elders and held back their traditional outlook. Many college students and workers were part of this counterculture even though most unions did not support antiwar demonstrations. The rejection of of respectable norms of clothing, language, sexual behavior, and drug use became the basis of this mass movement. This was at first confined to artists and bohemians, but later on, became this huge movement towards the younger generation. Primary Source: http://www.homeoint.org/morrell/misc/counterculture.jpg
 * What was the counterculture?**

It affected the consumer marketplace, as it extended the realm of the definition of freedom as a right to individual choice. By the consumer power of young people, colorful clothing, images of sexual freedom, rock music, were being mass marketed as fashions of the today. Self-indulgence and self-destructive behavior affected the lives of many, not only by creating more conflicts, but also caused many to see a different perspective of the definition of freedom.
 * How did the counterculture affect people's lives?**

Web Source: http://www.cyberlearning-world.com/nhhs/html3/culture.htm This website is fulfilled with the surplus of information during the counterculture in the 1960's. Major topics of acts of violence and the Vietnam War are discussed as the "hippies" emerge in this era. Book Source: __Give Me Liberty__, Foner, Eric, 2009

Counterculture lead to what is known as the, "Generation Gap" that would appear every decade or so after the 6O's. Due to the change is music, styles, technology, culture, and politics. Because of this, older generations have a hard time relating to newer generations because of the changes noted above. The generation gap between generations can cause tensions because of disagreements in world views, which undermines freedom for all. The good thing about generation gaps is that differences in tastes, encourages mass consumption, leading to inflation. Also, generation gaps encourages change is necessary to adapt to the current surrounding, and technological advances. source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_gap
 * What did counterculture introduce in society?** (Lizel Mendoza)

The "counterculture" took a great toll on how young people thought in America. Many youngsters rejected the ways of their elders. Also, this would be the first time in American history in which there was a great rejection of norms such as clothing, language, sexual behavior, and drug use which was previously only thought to regard artists and bohemians. The rallying cry was "liberation".
 * What were the effects of "counterculture" on the future (young people) of America?** (Martin Palanca)

Personal Liberation and the Free Individual
Sexual freedom was a common aspect of the counterculture.The counterculture focused on freedom of the individual, which included sexual freedom. The mass-marketing of birth control pills finally separated sex from procreation, which many "free lovers" demanded. Rock music also embraced the idea of sexual freedom. The youth culture was especially evident in the musical //Hair,// where nudity was displayed.
 * How was sexual freedom a prevalent part of the youth rebellion in the 1960s?** (Yoni Carnice)

Personal liberation represented a spirit of creative experimentation, a search for a way of life in which friendship and pleasure eclipsed the pursuit of wealth. It also meant a release from education and work, repressive rules of personal behavior, and a militarized state. The Youth International Party, or "yippies", introduced humor as a means of protest. For example, the founder Abbie Hoffman showered dollar bills onto the exchange floor, causing trade to halt as brokers scrambled to retrieve the fallen money. **
 * What did personal liberation represent to young dissenters? (Anmol Shah)

**What group arose during the campaign for personal freedom?** (Lizel Mendoza) Radical feminists' first public campaign demanded the repeal of state laws that underscored a woman's lack of self-determination by banning abortions or leaving it up to physicians to decide whether a pregnancy could be terminated. They got so flustered that in 1969, a group of feminists interrupted legislative hearings om NY's law banning abortions, where the experts schedules to testify of fourteen men and a Roman Catholic nun. <span style="color: #008000; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/chicago7/ **hoffman**a.html Another one of Hoffman's well-known protests was on August 24, 1967, when he led members of the movement to the gallery of the NYSE. The protesters threw fistfuls of dollars down to the traders below, some of whom booed, while others began to scramble frantically to grab the money as fast as they could. Accounts of the amount of money that Hoffman and the group tossed was said to be as little as $30 to $300.[|[5]] Hoffman claimed to be pointing out that's what NYSE traders "were already doing." "We didn't call the press", wrote Hoffman, "at that time we really had no notion of anything called a media event The press was quick to respond and by evening the event was reported around the world. Since that incident, the stock exchange has spent $20,000 to enclose the gallery with bulletproof glass. **

"Underground newspapers" were passed out. They have a personal and politically committed style of journalism. The Youth International Party ("yippies") introduced humor and theatrically as elements of protests. From the visitor's gallery of the New York Stock exchange, yippie founder Abbie Hoffman showered dollar bills onto the floor, bringing trading to a halt as brokers scrambled to retrive the money.
 * What were some forms of radical action youths involved in the counterculture took to spread their message?** (Marilen Atienza)

Personal appearance, song lyrics, and arts were some of the methods used to display the countercultured youths' individual and communal statements of their political and social beliefs. http://www.artsandmusicpa.com/popculture/60%27scountercult.htm



The Feminine Mystique
Very few women held political office, newspapers divided job ads into “male” and “female” sections, with the latter limited to low-wage clerical positions, and major universities limited the number of female students they accepted. Husbands still controlled their wives’ earnings. So in many cases, most can say that women still faced segregation and unequal treatment.
 * Did women share the same rights as men, even in the 60s? How?**

Betty Friedan was the author of “The Feminine Mystique.” Friedan had written pioneering articles about discrimination against women workers and racism in the workplace. She created a portrait of an intelligent, educated female worker who was trapped by the confines of her own society and had no outlet for her talents. She described America as a “comfortable concentration camp.”
 * Who wrote The Feminine Mystique? What was it about?**

The Equal Pay Act was passed by Congress in 1963, barring sex discrimination among holders of the same jobs.
 * What was the Equal Pay Act?**

The Equal Opportunity Commission established by the law became a major force in breaking down barriers to female employment. Also, the National Organization for Women (with Friedman as president) demanded equal opportunity in jobs, education, and political participation and attacked the “false image of women” spread by mass media.
 * Who were the groups responsible for fighting for women’s rights (especially in the labor force)?**

The public awakening of the feminine consciousness got its start from the publication in 1963 of Betty Friedan’s “The Feminine Mystique”. Friedan had earlier, in 1940s, written about pay discrimination against women workers & racism in the workplace. In 1950s, she wrote about the emptiness of consumer culture & the discontents of the middle class. Her opening chapter “The Problem That Has No Name,” painted a devastating picture of talented, educated women trapped in a world that viewed marriage & motherhood as their primary goals. In Moscow in 1959, Richard Nixon made the suburban home an emblem of American freedom. Friedan invoked the most powerful symbol of the era, evil; it was a “comfortable concentration camp.” The Feminine Mystique made a great impact. Friedan received desperate letters from female readers relating how the suburban dream had become a nightmare. The immediate result of “the Feminine Mystique” was to focus attention on yet another gap between American rhetoric and American reality. In 1963, the Congress passed the Equal Pay Act, barring sex discrimination among holders of the same job. The Civil Rights Act, prohibited inequalities based on sex as well as race. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission became a major force in breaking down barriers to female employment. In 1966, the National Organization for Women (NOW) was formed with Freidan as president. It was modeled in civil rights and demanded equal opportunity in jobs, education, and political participation & attacked the “false image of women” spread by the mass media.
 * (Dhruv Jhigan) How was feminine consciousness reawakened?**
 * Source: http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/05/national/05friedan.html**

Women’s Liberation
Women in the 60s still embraced an ideology of social equality and personal freedom and learned methods of political organizing encountered inequality and sexual exploitation.
 * What did women still strive for in the 60s since the days of abolitionism?**

What event caused the “new feminism” to burst onto the national scene?** The new feminism was shown in the Miss America beauty pageant of 1968, when protesters filled a “freedom trash can” with objects of “oppression” such as girdles, brassieres, high-heeled shoes, and copies of Playboy and Cosmopolitan.
 * [[image:http://booktruck.files.wordpress.com/2007/05/headline_3077b.jpg]]


 * What did the media call radical women at the time?** Bra Burners.

Women like Ella Baker and Fannie Loy Hamer had plated major roles in grassroots civil right organizing. Ella Baker was boring on December 13, 19O3. She became an activist when she was a mere child. Not only did she fight for women's rights, but she also fought for African-Americans. She joined organizations and held important positions in NAACP, SCLC, SNCC, and CORE. She even founded some organizations as well.
 * Who were some important people during the women civil rights movement?** (Lizel Mendoza)

Source: http://www.ellabakercenter.org/page.php?pageid=19&contentid=9

No, some women still found themselves relegated to typing, cooking, and cleaning for male coworkers. Some were pressured to engage in sexual liaisons. Male supremacy seems as deeply rooted as in society at large.
 * Were women involved in the movement totally free from "male supremacy"?** (Marilen Atienza)

Personal Freedom
Janani Ravikrishnan They insisted that sexual relations, conditions of marriage, and standards of beauty were as much political questions as the war, civil rights, and the class tensions that had traditionally inspired the Left to action.
 * What did the phrases "sexism",sexual politics" and " the personal is political" mean?**

The idea that family life is not off limits to considerations of power and justice rejected the family oriented public culture of 1950s.
 * what permenently changed Americans' definition of freedom?**

An influential collection which stated personal accounts published in 1970, touched on a remarkable array of issues, from violence against women to inequalities in the law, churches, workplaces, and family life.[|Picture of book] This is the book that has been called "the primer that started the modern Women's Movement." The feminist symbol was designed by her and it is on the cover of the book It is filled with engendered arguments, divorces, marches, legislation, and entire fields of scholarship 60 essays from many feminists Topics ranges from reproductive, health, and environmental issues to workplace inequities and the economics of women’s unpaid labor
 * What did the group of essays titled Sisterhood Is Powerful say?**
 * Outside info** [|Outside info]

The call for legalized abortions merged the nineteenth century demand that a woman control her own body with the sixties emphasis on sexual freedom. This also caused the concern on women's freedom to cover more than just sexuality. By the 1970s, feminist ideas had entered the mainstream. In 1962, a poll showed that two-thirds of American women did not feel themselves to be victims of discrimination. By 1974, two-thirds did. **
 * How was the call for legalized abortions significant? (Anmol Shah)

Women felt like they could not even control their own reproduction so any other forms of freedom would be difficult to achieve. They felt like they needed to start with their own bodies before going after any more freedoms.
 * Why was abortion seen as a freedom for women?** (Marilen Atienza)

Gay Liberation
(Derek Guterres) Gay men and lesbians had been stigmatized as sinful or mentally disordered. Most states made homosexual acts illegal. Besides restricting gays by law, the police regularly harassed the gay subcultures that had existed in major cities such as San Francisco or New York. McCarthyism viewed homosexuals as a source of national weakness, despite their success in the arts and fashion. Because of their sexual orientation that risked facing discrimination, gays and lesbians tried to keep their sexual orientation secret or "in the closet". The first gay rights organization was created in 1951 by Harry Hay. it had worked to persuade the public that despite their sexual preferences, gays were just like any other American who should not be prosecuted for their orientation. It was a police raid in 1969. As mentioned previously, gays were harassed by the police, and here at the Stonewall Bar in New York's Greenwhich Village is where gays took a stand and fought back. This led to five days of rioting and a followed by the birth of a militant movement. Gay men and lesbians stepped out of their "closets" to insist that sexual orientation is a matter of rights, power and identity, however despite their attempts to secure their freedoms and equality, there was still prejudice against these homosexuals. But after a few years, gay pride marches were held in numerous cities. So this event can be seen as the birth of the gay liberation movement. http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_agen.htm The website above talks about the gay movement in the last half of the twentieth century. It talks about the key events throughout the gay liberation movement. It specifically divides up each decade by the 1950s all the way to the 2000s, giving information on key events that helped to lead to the promotion of gay rights. Some of these events include the 1969 police raid. It states that the 1960s is where the gay liberation movement really began to go and start. In 192, Illinois was the first state in the United states to repeal its anti-sodomy laws. The //Student Homophile League// at //Columbus University// in New York City, NY, was founded in 1966 and was basically the first known student gay organization. This website is basically an outline of the events and how gays are slowly achieving their rights and how their rights are becoming more rapid and widely debated today. As well this website also seems to favor the gays rights as it tries to defend gays rights by saying that they deserve as any other people. It also talks about the gay parades and other forms of proganada in order to make known the gay liberation movement. Below is a picture of a gay parade.
 * What was some evidence of gay discrimination? What was the first gay rights organization and what did it do?**
 * What happened at the Stonewall Bar in New York's Greenwhich Village?**

Efforts to achieve greater rights were mostly put into racial minorities and women. Homosexuals were not seen as a group. They were viewed as sinful or mentally disordered.
 * Why was the emergence of the movement for gay liberation a surprise for America?** (Marilen Atienza)

Latino Activism
(Derek Guterres) In 1965, César Chavez, who was the son of a migrant farm workers, and a disciple of Martin Luther King, led a series of nonviolent protests which included marches, fasts and a national boycott of California grapes. These tactics were used to pressure growers to agree to the labor contracts with the United Farm Workers union. Chavez helped to get more civil rights for Mexicans in the United States. The UFW was a mass movemnt for civil rights as a campaign for economic betterment. The boycott of California grapes mobilized Latin communities throughout the South west and drew national attention to the very low wages and oppressive working conditions of migrant laborers. 1970, the major growers conceded to the UFW contracts. The Young Lords Organization followed the Black Panthers. It staged street demonstrations to protest high unemployment rates among the New York's Puerto Ricans and the lack of city services in Latino neighborhoods.
 * Who was César Chavez and what did he do?**
 * What was the UFW and the Young Lords Organization?**


 * (Dhruv Jhigan) How did the Latino movement liberate the Mexican-Americans?**

In the mid-1960s, the Mexican-American movement emphasized pride on both the Mexican past and the new Chicano culture that had arisen in the United States. It was closely linked to labor struggles. In 1965, Cesar Chavez, the son of migrant workers and a disciple of King, led a series of nonviolent protests, including marches, fasts, and a national boycott of California grapes, to pressure growers to agree to labor contracts with the United Farm Workers union (UFW). UFW was a movement for both civil rights and economic betterment. The boycott mobilized the Southwest & drew national attention to the low wages & oppressive working conditions of migrant laborers. In 1970, the major growers agreed to contracts with the UFW. In New York, the Young Lords Organization, modeled on the Black Panthers, staged street demonstrations to protest the high unemployment rate among the city’s Puerto Ricans & the lack of city services in Latino neighborhoods. The Latino movement gave rise to feminist dissent. Many Chicano and Puerto Rican men regarded feminist demands as incompatible with the Latino heritage of machismo meaning manliness and domination over women. Young female activists viewed the sexual double standard and the inequality of women as incompatible with freedom for all members of la raza (the race, or people)

Red Power
(gabriella Lee) 1. The Truman and Eisenhower sought to implement which policy in respects to Indian reservations? - policy: termination - termination: dismantle reservation system an disintegrate Indians into American mainstream - abandoned by Kennedy, but Johnson’s War on Poverty resulted in an increase of aid sent to native americans 2. was there opposition to the policy of termination? - yes, many native Americans believed that they were still a sovereign nation and compared their cause with underdeveloped countries; - the did not just seek economic aid, but wanted the ability to govern themselves 3. how did they retaliate? - American Indian Movement (founded 1968)- staged protests for greater tribal selfgovernment and restoration of economic resources guaranteed in treaties - Indians of All Nations (group) in 1969 occupied Alcatraz Isladnd, SF claiming that it had been illegally seized from the original inhabitants - This protest sparked the Red Power movement, which lead to Indian tribes winning greater control over education and economic development on reservations - Activists brought land claim souts, demanding and revieving monetary settlements for past disposession 4. What was a result of rising sense of self respect? - the number of Americans identifying themselves as Indians doubled btwn 1970 and 1990


 * How was the Red Power Movement formed? (Dhruv Jhigan)**

In the 1960s, there was an upsurge of Indian militancy. The Truman and Eisenhower administration had tried to integrate Indians into the American mainstream through the policy of “termination” to end the recognition of the remaining elements of Indian sovereignty. Many Indian leaders protested against this policy and it was abandoned by President Kennedy. Johnson’s war on poverty channeled increased funds to reservations. Indian activists compared their status to that of the underdeveloped countries overseas. They demanded economic aid, self-determination, like the emerging nations of the Third World. In 1968, The American Indian Movement protested demanding greater tribal self-government & the restoration of economic resources guaranteed in treaties. In 1969, a group calling itself “Indians of All Nations” occupied Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay, claiming that it had been illegally seized from its original inhabitants. The protest launched the Red Power Movement and lasted into 1971. In the following years, many Indian tribes won greater control over education and economic development on the reservations. Indian activists brought land claims suits, demanding & receiving monetary settlements for past dispossession.

Silent Spring
(martin Palanca) This new environmentalism was more activist and youth oriented, and it spoke of empowering citizens to participate in decisions that affected their lives. Its prominence relfected the very essence celebrated by the proponents of the American Way. The environmental consequences of economic growth received increased attention.
 * What sets this version of environmentalism different from the Progressive Era's environmentalism?**

The Silent Spring was concerned with the effects of DDT, a pesticide. In detail, Rachel Carson, the author, relates how DDT has killed many animals and has caused many sicknesses amongst people as well. Book was then considered a communist plot - Time considered her hysterical and emotional - words used by men to degrade women of status.
 * What was the Silent Spring about?**


 * How did the Silent Spring bring about the modern environmental movement? (Dhruv Jhigan)**

The middle-class Americans showed increased interest in the environmental consequences of economic growth. In the 1960s, there were complaints about the bulldozing of forests for suburban development & the contamination produced by laundry detergents & chemical lawn fertilizers seeping into drinking supplies. In 1962, marine biologist, Rachel Carson, published “Silent Spring” giving details on the effects of DDT, an insecticide used by home owners & farmers against mosquitoes, gypsy moths, and other insects. Carson related how DDT killed birds & animals & caused sickness among humans. Chemical and pesticide companies launched a campaign to discredit her – TIME magazine condemned Carson as “hysterical” and “emotional”. Carson’ work launched the modern environmentalist movement.



**How was the environmentalism movement different from other liberation movements at the time?**
Environmentalism called into question the endless consumption of natural resources by the American people. Concern for the conservation of natural resources and national parks began during the progressive era. But this new movement was led by a new younger generation and it empowered citizens to participate in decisions that affected their lives.

Silent Spring by biologist Rachel Carson brought home to millions of readers the effects of an insecticide called DDT. It was used widely by home owners and farmers against insects such as mosquitoes and gypsy moths. Carson explained how DDT killed birds and animals and caused sickness in humans. Many critics called the book part of a communist plot while chemical and pesticides companies tried to discredit her.
 * What did Silent Spring mean to Americans?**

[] This source explained how important the book was to brining concern to people about the environment. It explains the awareness needed to preserve and conserve the environment. Primary source: http://1207books.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/silent_spring.jpg

The New Environmentalism
(Martin Palanca) The New Environmentalism called the attention of the American people to the necessity of preserving forests, exploiting the dangers of water contamination, air pollution, lead in paint, and the extinction of animal species. With this nearly every state banned DDT, a harmful pesticide. Also, this movement called attention to the dangers of oil transportation and the dangers of ocean drilling. This movement put into effect the Clean Air and Clean Water Acts, Endangered Species Act, and on April 22, 1970, the first earth Day was implemented.
 * What was the New Environmentalism about and how effective was it?**


 * How did the environmental and the consumer movement help the Americans? (Dhruv Jhigan)**

The Sierra Club founded in the 1890s to preserve forests grew in membership. There were other groups that were formed to alert the country to the dangers of water contamination, air pollution, lead in paint, and the extinction of human species. Every state quickly banned the use of DDT. In 1969, television showed the death of birds and fish and the despoiling of beaches caused by a major oil spill off the coast of California, exposing the environmental dangers of oil transportation and ocean drilling for oil. Under President Richard Nixon, Congress in the late 1960s and early 1970s passed a series of measures to protect the environment, including the Clean Air and Clean Water Acts & the Endangered Species Act. April 20, 1970 was celebrated as the first Earth Day. Another movement, The Consumer Movement, was started by lawyer Ralph Nader. His book, “Unsafe at Any Speed” (1965) exposed how auto manufacturers produced highly dangerous vehicles. General Motors, whose Chevrolet Corvair Nader singled out for its tendency to roll over in certain driving situations, hired private investigators to discredit him. When their campaign was exposed, General Motors paid Nader a handsome settlement, which he used to fund investigations of other dangerous products & of misleading advertising. Nader’s works led to numerous new consumer protection laws and regulations of the 1970s. The environmentalism and the consumer movement called for limiting some kinds of freedom – especially the right to use private property in any way the owner desired – in the name of a greater common good.

The Rights Revolution
(Derek Guterres)

 How did the Rights Revolutions relate to the Supreme Court in the 1960s? The Court in the 1960s pushed towards racial equality. As a result, many of the local Jim Crow laws were overturned because of the Court's new efforts to give racial equality. In 1967, the court case Loving v. Virginia, it declared that the laws on books in sixteen states that prohibited interracial marraige were unconstitutional. In 1968, in Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co., it forbade discrimination in the rental or sale of housing. The elimination of "badges of slavery" such as unequal access to husing, was essential in order to fulfill the long awaited promise of emancipation.

It was when the Court moved to rein in the anticommunist crusade on June, 1957. The justices overturned convictions of individuals for advocating the overthrow of the government, failing to answer questions before the House Un-American Activities Committee, and refusing to disclose their political beliefs to state officials. They claimed the government could prosecute illegal actions, but not "unorthodoxy or dissent."
 * What was "Red Monday"?** (Yoni Carnice)

The Court denied southern laws that wanted to destroy civil rights organizations by forcing them to make public their membership lists.
 * What was //NAACP v. Alabama// in 1958?**

It overturned a libel judgment by an Alabama jury against the nation's leading newspaper for carrying an advertisement condemning the treatment of civil rights demonstrators by local officials. The act violated the First Amendment. They also declared the Sedition Act of 1798 unconstitutional after it expired. It created the modern constitutional law of freedom of the press.
 * What was the ruling of //New York Times v. Sullivan// (1964)?**

[|Outside source] This article goes in depth on the Court case of //New York Times Co. v. Sullivan//.

It declared unconstitutional the laws still on the books in sixteen states that prohibited interracial marriage. It demonstrated the Court's push towards racial equality.
 * What was the ruling in //Loving v. Virginia// (1967)?**

GROUP 4
(Group 4, can we please divide the subjects equally next time, megha, you took two subjects) (dividing the subjects last time didn't work) (I wasn't sure whether "nixon the president" counted as a subject or not, since it wasnt in the side bar [contents ba] ) media type="custom" key="5891655"

Policing the States
(David Hau)


 * What were some examples of the ways in which the Warren Court forced states to respect the liberties outlined in the Bill of Rights?**

The Court passed legislation requiring compliance with protections against illegal search and seizure, restating the right of a defendant to a speedy trial, and reinforcing the prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment. Two model cases during the ‘60s of the Warren Court were Miranda v. Arizona (1966) and Baker v. Carr (1962), which established the precedence of presenting rights to individuals in police custody and equalized representation in state legislature based on population, respectively.

The official Miranda statement derived from Miranda v. Arizona:

You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to speak to an attorney, and to have an attorney present during any questioning. If you cannot afford a lawyer, one will be provided for you at government expense. ([])


 * How did the Court deal with the issue of church and state?**

The justices of the Warren Court fortified the wall of separation between church and state, invalidating a clause in Maryland’s constitution pertaining to the religious affiliation required of state officials, and removing certain aspects of religion from private schools, including Bible readings

80% of Americans favored allowing prayer in public schools. Thus, the ruling proved to be the most unpopular of the Warren Court Decisions. **
 * What did the polls show about the issue of church and state (matt chen)?

The Right to Privacy (Matthew Do)

 * What was the “right to privacy?”**

The right to privacy was a concept that described a certain sphere of private life that was outside of governmental jurisdiction. Supporting this concept, the Court in the 1960’s overturned state laws banning contraceptives and legalized abortion. The legal rights of women within the private sphere were also expanded, as the courts now prosecuted crimes of domestic rape and assault.

Since there is a rapidly changing contours of American Society, there were many dramatic assertion to the Constitutional Right to Privacy like the case //of Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)// and overturned a state law that didn’t allow the usage of contraceptives. Justice William O. Douglas who made the decision explained, //“The right to be let alone is the beginning of all freedom”.// Although there is no mentioned of the word in the Constitution, Douglas argued that a constitutionally protected “zone of privacy” within marriage, which could be interfered by the shadows of the Bill of Rights.
 * How was the Warren Court able to expand new rights to the changing society of America?**

Grisworld had linked privacy to the sanctity of marriage. Later the court would transform it into a right of individuals and actually it extended access birth control to unmarried adults and ultimately to minors also. Because of these changes, the Warren Court would face controversial decisions that would challenge them. ** During this case, it made a constitutional right to terminate a pregnancy. The Court declared that an access to an abortion was important to freedom by the Constitution Roe severely opposed and many of this opposition still exist till this day. Both of these cases created a flood of rulings and laws that seemed to accept the feminist view of the family as a collection of sovereign individuals rather than a unit. This rights revolution help complete this transformation of American freedom that was mainly enjoyed by white men into what is now equality, recognition, and self- determination. http://candobetter.org/files/Margaret-Sanger-and-supporters.JPG
 * What other decisions did the Court made to further extend privacy?
 * What happened with** //**Roe v. Wade**//**?**

A Year Of Turmoil (Rhea Vera)
The Tet offensive occurred in late January 1968. The Viet Cong and North Vietnamese troops launched well-organized uprisings in cities throughout South Vietnam, which completely surprised American military leaders. The United States drove back the offensive and inflicted heavy losses. The intensity of the fighting was brought into the homes of Americans through television and destroyed public confidence in the Johnson administration which had insistently proclaimed that victory was “just around the corner”. Leading members of the press and political establishment also criticized American involvement.
 * What was the Tet offensive?**
 * What were the effects of the Tet offensive in the United States?**
 * The Tet offensive is widely viewed as a turning point in the war despite the high cost to the communists (approximately 32,000 killed and about 5,800 captured) for what appeared at the time to be small gains. Although they managed to retain control of some of the rural areas, the communists were forced out of all of the towns and cities, except Hue, within a few weeks. Nevertheless, the offensive emphasized to the Johnson administration that victory in Vietnam would require a greater commitment of men and resources than the American people were willing to invest. ([])

Eugene McCarthy was an anti-war senator from Minnesota who announced that he would seek the Democratic nomination. In March 1968, he received over 40 percent of the vote in the New Hampshire primary with the help of a small army of student volunteers. He rejected the military’s request to send 200,000 more troops to Vietnam with the decline of public support. He surprised the nation when he announced he would not seek reelection and peace talks opened in Paris soon after. The Poor People’s March was organized by Martin Luther King Jr. who hoped to bring thousands of demonstrators to Washington in order to demand increased anti-poverty efforts. Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated by a white assassin after traveling to Memphis to support a strike of the city’s grossly underpaid black garbage collectors. An outbreak of urban violence occurred throughout ghettos across the country and Washington D.C. had to be occupied by soldiers before being restored. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. had been shot while standing on the balcony of his room at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, TN at 6:01 p.m., April 4, 1968. Congress passed the Open Housing Act as its last major civil rights law. It was a gesture to King’s memory. The Act prohibited discrimination in the sale and rental of homes and apartments, but it was weakly enforced. **Nixon’s Comeback** (Alex Chen) Why is the year 1968 considered a "turning point at which history failed to turn?" In France, a nationwide protest for educational reform and personal liberation grew to paralyze the country after french laborers joined the protest. Leaders advocating reform in Czechoslovakia were forced out by a Soviet invasion. In Mexico, soldiers fired on students calling for greater democracy during the Olympic games. In the U.S., a growing black militancy resulted in a white "backlash." Also a developing belief that the Supreme Court were controlled by bureaucrats, who reversed long-held local tradition.
 * Who was Eugene McCarthy and what was his significant role during the time period?**
 * What was the Poor People’s March?**
 * What happened on April 4, 1968?**
 * What was the Open Housing Act?**

Who were the "silent majority" and why did Nixon appealed to them? The silent majority were ordinary Americans who believed that democratic led reform had gone too far. Nixon advocated for "law and order," and a stop to the increasing liberalism in America. Many democrats had abandoned their party, favoring the Republican Nixon and the independent George Wallace, who appealed to resentments against black civil reform, Great Society programs, and the Warren-led Supreme Court.

(Katrina Torres) What happened the day before Olympic Games in Mexico City in May 1968? Five-hundred deaths occurred with Soviet invasions and soldiers fired on the students demonstrating for greater democracy on the eve of the games. France just joined in fight to end communism but then Czechoslovakia was overran by the Soviets and that made containment a little harder.

Why didn't 1968 mark the end of the 1960s? The Great Society had much to work with and improve on during the Nixon administration such as more civil rights movements and feminism. Feminism grew the most and achieved its largest following during the 1970s and represented a new idea of America as a free society.



The Legacy of the Sixties
(Crystal Paz) The Legacy of the Sixties

1.<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"> H ow did the 1960s transform American life?
a. It produced new rights and new understandings of freedom, made it possible that many members of racial minorities could enter into the mainstream of American life. It also started a transformation of the status of women and what Americans expected from their government, like clean air and water to medical coverage in their old age. b. “The sixties were the age of youth, as 70 million children from the post-war baby boom became teenagers and young adults. The movement away from the conservative fifties continued and eventually resulted in revolutionary ways of thinking and real change in the cultural fabric of American life. No longer content to be images of the generation ahead of them, young people wanted change. The changes affected education, values, lifestyles, laws, and entertainment. Many of the revolutionary ideas which began in the sixties are continuing to evolve today” __FACTS about this decade:__ Population 177,830,000 Unemployment 3,852,000 National Debt 286.3 Billion Average Salary $4,743 Teacher's Salary $5,174 Minimum Wage $1.00 Life Expectancy: Males 66.6 years, Females 73.1 years Auto deaths 21.3 per 100,000 An estimated 850,000 "war baby" freshmen enter college; emergency living quarters are set up in dorm lounges, hotels and trailer camps.

[]

2. Why were Americans said to be “condemned to fight the battles of the 1960s” much after the decade had ended? a. Because of race relations, feminism, social policy and the nations proper role in world affairs these were issues that were certainly not started in the 1960s. But events in these years made them more important and troublesome.

Intro
(Pooja Mhatre) Source: []
 * Q1:** What was odd about the 1964 election according to journalist Theodore White and why?
 * A1:** White noticed that both the Republican and Democratic Parties, who claimed to have completely different ideas from the other, centralized their platforms on “freedom.” Both demanded either Freedom Now or Freedom for All. What is odd is the fact that both sides are fighting for freedom, but their definitions of freedom are so different. According to White, both parties “loath each other.” This hatred can be seen during the campaigning, especially in one famous TV ad in which the Johnson campaign showed a little girl in a flower-filled meadow. In the commercial, the girl suddenly looked up and a mushroom cloud appeared on the screen. Johnson's voice was then heard saying, "These are the stakes."

Source: []
 * Q2:** What events led to the growing popularity of conservatism?
 * A2:** The breakup of the political coalition created by FDR, an economic crisis that the liberal policies of Johnson could not remedy, a shift of population and economic resources to conservative strongholds in the “Sunbelt” of the South and West, the growth of the an activist, conservative Christianity aligned with the Republican Party, and a series of setbacks for the US overseas led to the growing popularity of conservatism. This photo shows Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, George Bush, and Ford, all Republican presidents. This picture fits in with the idea of growing popularity of conservatism in America, because we have had so many recent presidents who were conservatives.

President Nixon
(Megha Koduri) Though he used conservative language and condemned student protesters and caled for law and order, once in office, he actually expanded the welfare state and moved to improve American relations with the Soviet Union and China. It offered federal block grants to the states to spend as they saw fit, rather than for specific purposes dictated by Washington. The environmental protection agency oversaw programs to combat water and air pollution, cleaned up hazardous wastes, and required environmental impact statements from any project that recieved federal funding. The occupational safety and Health administration sent inspectors into the nation's workplaces. THe national transportation safety board instructed automobile makers on how to make their cars safer. However, he abolished the Office of Economic Opportunity, which had coordinated Johnson's war on Poverty. He expanded the food stamp program and indexed social security benefits to inflation, meaning that they woudl rise automatically as the cost of living increased. The endangered species act prohibited spending federal funds on any project that might extinguish an animal species. the Clean Air Act set air quality standards for carbon monoxide and other chemicals released by car and factory and led to a dramatic decline in air pollution. Internet Source**:http://www.edf.org/documents/2695_cleanairact.htm Source summary/Info: The Clean Air Act can be essentially broken up into 3 main parts. 1) "Establishing //National Ambient Air Quality Standards// (NAAQS). The law requires that EPA identify and set standards for pollutants identified as harmful to human health and the environment. The six "criteria" pollutants are: 2) Two main qualities of air standards: "**Primary standards** set limits to protect public health. **Secondary standards** set limits to protect against public welfare effects, such as damage to farm crops and vegetation" 3) Leaded gas was ordered to be "phased out" The source presented the helpful effects of this new piece of legislation that impacted the Earth for generations to come. Primary Source: http://www.cartoonstock.com/lowres/shr0659l.jpg
 * Why did conservatives disapprove of Nixon?**
 * What was Nixon's "New Federalism?"**
 * What new Federal Agencies did Nixon introduce?**
 * What else did Nixon do to improve the lives of Americans?**
 * Clean Air Act:
 * **Carbon monoxide**
 * **Nitrogen dioxide**
 * **Ozone**
 * **Sulfur dioxide**
 * **Particulate matter with aerodynamic size less than or equal to 10 micrometers (PM-10)**
 * **Lead."**

Nixon’s Domestic Policies
What were some of the programs/initiatives Nixon spent large amounts of money on? Nixon signed several measured that expanded the food stamp program and a program that adjusted Social Security Benefits to inflation (the amount of money one receives will be raised based on inflation). His endangered species act prevented spending on federal projects that might terminate an animal species. The Clear Air Act set standards for the amounts of carbon monoxide and other chemicals that were being released and led to a sharp and drastic decline in air pollution.
 * (Akhil Puri)**

What was Nixon's New Federalism? What did it do? Nixon's "New Federalism" offered 'block grants' to states which they could spend however they wanted to as opposed to purposes controlled by Washington. This won tremendous support from Conservatives and allowed for much for freedom for the states, a win-win situation.

What were examples of new federal agencies created by Nixon? The Environmental Protection Agency supervised other programs that fought water and air pollution, cleaned up many hazardous wastes, and required an "environmental impact" from any project that required government financial aid. The National Transportation Safety Board directed automobile manufacturers as to how they could make cars safer. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration would send inspectors into the nation's workplaces. [|EPA Web Site] This website covers everything that the EPA is involved with. It has been around for over 40 years now and this is a quote on it's website: "Forty years ago, Americans across the nation took up a call for cleaner air, safer water and unpolluted land, leading to EPA's creation." It's website organizes its list of priorities and it also records the progress it has been making - it has grown as an organization and made many changes to aid our community.



=

 * What did Nixon plan to achieve with the creation of welfare?** He planned to create a sort of "negative income tax" that would replace Aid to Families with Dependent Chidren by having the federal governmetn guaruntee a minimum income for all Americans. This was known as welfare, AFDC provided assistance, though limited, to poor families who met ocal eligibility requirements. He later planned to replace welfare with a guaranteed annual income, but that idea failed to win Congres approval.======

**Internet Source**:http://www.nixonera.com/library/domestic.asp

 * Summary/Info**: This source reinforces what our book explains about welfare, and how Nixon preferred it be called "negative tax." It mentioned how it, "

The program, Aids to Families with Dependent Children, gave cash to families that were needy. Eligibility included families in which the head of the family or custodial parent was unemployed and not receiving child support.
 * AFDC- what is it? (matt chen)

(source: http://definitions.uslegal.com/a/aid-to-families-with-dependent-children-afdc/) **

Nixon and Race
The conservative rebirth and backlash of formerly democratic voters against both black assertiveness. This did not necessarily benefit, Nixon, but he did show conservative behavior when he condemned student protesters and called for law and order. Nixon did, however, expand welfare and tried to improve relationships with communist China and the USSR. **
 * What allowed Nixon to win the election?(matt chen)

(Francesca Rebosura) He nominated Clement Haynsworth and G. Harold Carswell to the Supreme Court. Both were conservative southern jurists that had records to show their support for segregation; they were both rejected by the Senate.
 * How did Nixon try to gain support in the white South?**

Due to the court’s distaste of southern tactics, the percentage of southern black students attending integrated schools increased from 32 to 77 percent; this was within the first three years of Nixon’s presidency.
 * How did integration in public schools change during Nixon’s administration?**

It was a plan that was meant to expand on the initiative set up under Johnson in which equal employment opportunity was granted to minorities. This plan required that construction contractors working on federal projects hire a certain numbers of minority workers. Web Sources: -This plan was extended to 9 other cities. Also, it was during Nixon’s administration that “affirmative action” and “civil rights” became synonymous. [] -Nixon had actually supported the principle of equal opportunity since Eisenhower’s administration. He also said “Every American should have equal opportunity for new jobs created by the taxes paid by all Americans.” []
 * What was the Philadelphia Plan?**

Shultz hoped that this would open more jobs for black workers, while Nixon mostly viewed the plan as a means of fighting inflation because this weakened the power of the building trades unions. [] Nixon chose to attack them and abandoned the Philadelphia Plan. Instead he chose an ineffective plan that stressed the voluntary local efforts of employers to hire minorities, rather than making it a requirement to do this. President Nixon did all this in order to get the support of “blue-collar workers” in preparation of the 1972 election. []
 * What were the different views of Secretary of Labor George Shultz and Nixon towards the Philadelphia Plan?**
 * What happened to the affirmative action goals Nixon’s administration had initiated?**

The Burger Court
(Maria David) **::** When Earl Warren retired as chief justice in 1969 who did Nixon appoint to as new chief justice? What was expected of Burger? - Nixon appointed Warren Burger who was a federal court-of-appeals judge. As an outspoken critic of the "judicial activism" of the Warren court and its willingness to expand old rights and create new ones by overturning acts of Congress and the states, Burger was expected to lead the justices in a conservative direction. **::** What did the Burger Court do initially? -The Burger Court initially consolidated and expanded many of the judicial innovations of the 1960s. **::** What happened in 1971: //Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education//? What did the decision lead to? -In the case that arose from North Carolina the justices unanimously approved a lower court's plan that required the extensive transportation of students to achieve school integration. The decision led to hundreds of cases in which judges throughout the country ordered the use of busing as a tool to achieve integration. --> The District Court ordered the school board in April 1969 to provide a plan for faculty and student desegregation. Finding the board's submission unsatisfactory, the District Court appointed an expert to submit a desegregation plan. In February 1970, the expert and the board presented plans, and the court adopted the board's plan, as modified, for the junior and senior high schools, and the expert's proposed plan for the elementary schools.[|Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg] **::** What happened in Boston? What did the Supreme court soon abandon? -In Boston one of the most bitter fights took place (mid 1970s). Residents of the tightly knit Irish-American community of South Boston demonstrated vociferously and violently against a busing plan decreed by a local judge. The Supreme court soon abandoned the idea of overturning local control of schools or moving students great distances to achieve integration. -In the case a 5-4 Court majority ruled that the Constitution did not require equality of school funding. In //Milliken v. Bradley// the justices overturned a lower court order that required Detroit's predominantly white suburbs to enter into a regional desegregation plan with the city's heavily minority school system. **::** What did the decision in Milliken v. Bradley do? Where was school segregation more evident in? -By absolving suburban districts of responsibility for assisting in integrating urban schools, the decision guaranteed that housing segregation would be mirrored in public education. Public schools in the North were more segregated that those in the South. (Soiling of Old Glory)
 * What happened in //San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez//? //Milliken v. Bradley// (1974)?

The Court and Affirmative Action
(Eleanor LaBarbera)

They viewed it as “reverse discrimination” and said it was in violation of the fourteenth amendment as it was giving minorities advantages over the whites. Affirmative action started out with just black men and then spread to women, Latinos, Asian Americans, and Native Americans.
 * 1. What were the arguments whites had over affirmative action?**

The Court ruled that even racially neutral job requirements like written examinations were illegal if operated to exclude non-white applicants. If a written examination was not related to the job performance it became illegal to require one be taken.
 * 2. What happened in the court case Griggs v. Duke Power Company in 1971?**

The Court had a different opinion on this case as it upheld the program devised by the Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corporation ands its union in order to set quotas for training and hiring non-white workers in skilled jobs. The voluntary agreement did not involve the government so the Court decided it was not in violation with the Fourteenth Amendment. It was decided that the minorities would now be supported as the government was finding ways for them to remain in American society.
 * 3. How did the view of the Court remain unchanged during the United Steelworkers of America v. Weber in 1979?**

The justices were hostile toward the government’s new policies and it was shown during the case of Regents of the University of California v. Bakke. The Court overturned an admissions program of the University of California Davis in which they would set aside sixteen out of one hundred places entering the medical school for minority students. Justice Lewis F. Powell cast the deciding vote and had rejected the idea. He did state that race was only a factor of admissions so as to allow the affirmative action to continue at other universities.
 * 4. How did the justices respond to the government’s affirmative action policies?**

__Web Source: http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/bakke.html__

The people who wished to be considered as from a minority group would go to a different committee when applying. This committee would be made up of a majority of people from minority groups, but would still be tied to the other admission committee. The application process was almost the exact same except for the fact that people of a minority group did not have to meet the 2.5 GPA requirement as those who were not of a minority had to. The top applicants from the separate committee would be shown to the general admissions committee who could not reject anyone, but would merely see if the applicant had all the requirements needed to apply.
 * 1. How were admissions different for those of a minority group at the University of California Davis?**



The Continuing Sexual Revolution
(Carissa Quiambao)

The number of Americans who viewed premarital sex as wrong plummeted The number of divorces soared, doubling in number from 10 years earlier. The age men and women got married rose dramatically. A popular 1978 film, An Unmarried Woman, portrayed the dissolution of a marriage as a triumph for a wife, who considered her potential for individual growth only after being abandoned by her husband. [|An Unmarried Woman]
 * What occurred during the 1970s that indicated the passing of the sexual revolution from the counterculture to the mainstream?**

Due to woman's changing aspirations and the availability of birth control and legal abortions, by 1976 the average woman was bearing 1.7 children during her lifetime, less than half the figure of 1957 and below the level at which a population reproduces itself.
 * What happened to the American birthrate?**

In 1972, Congress approved Title IX, which banned gender discrimination in higher education, and the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, which required that married women be given access to credit in their own name. American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) entered into a landmark agreement in which it agreed to pay millions of dollars to worked who had suffered gender discrimination and to upgrade employment opportunities for women.
 * What legislation was passed during the Nixon years that advanced woman's rights?**

The gay and lesbian movement, born at the end of the 1960s, expanded greatly during the 1970s and became a major concern of the right. In 1969 there had been about fifty local gay rights groups in the United States; ten years later, their numbers reached into the thousands. They began to elect local officials, persuaded many states to decriminalize homosexual relations, and succeeded in convincing cities with large gay populations to pass anti-discrimination laws. During the 1970s, the America Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from its list of mental diseases.
 * What other movements saw progression during the continuation of the sexual revolution?**

Gay in the 1960s -- the time was ripe for revolution** //By Warren Allen Smith// This Gay Pride article from a June 18, 2003 article of The Villager, is about the accounts of Warren Allen Smith being gay in the 1960s. He recalls both its conflicts and the presentation of opportunity for sexual revolution. "It was a dangerous time...to be openly gay...Psychiatrists ruled that we were mentally sick," Smith said. He discusses how the "underage customers, the prevalence of drugs, and the possibility of illegal dancing and other acts" at gay bars would open gays to being detained, arrested or assaulted by police. He recalled some patrons "yelling 'Gay Power,' throwing stones, coins and bottles" and others displeased "with seeing such civil disobedience," who had, "thrown bottles at the gays." The article also concedes the hardships of being gay and recalls cafes, museums, bookstores and places in New York where art flourished "like the Everard, bars like Mary's on Eighth St. or the Cork Club on W. 72nd, nightclubs like the Bon Soir on Eigth St. (where Marlon Brandon could be seen applauding Mr. Peepers, his boyfriend Wally Cox)" as well as places like "The Duece: the Victory, Lyrics, Times Square, Apollo, Selwyn, New Amsterdam" and other such favorite places for gays in New York City, where fulfilling homoerotic pleasures were "readily available". Overall, this article expressed the turmoil presented to homosexuals during the 1960s but also the liberation in being a part of a new revolution in America.
 * []

Nixon and Détente
(David Rasay) In 1970, after Allende’s election, the CIA worked with his domestic opponents to destabilize the regime. On September 11, 1973, Allende was overthrown in a coup, which replaced him with a dictatorship under General Augusto Pinochet. The Nixon administration was aware of plans for a coup in advance, however, failed to mention such plans to Allende. The Nixon administration continued to support Pinochet despite his brutal policies.
 * What role did Nixon play in the regime of Socialist President Salvador Allende in Chile?**

Nixon was elected as a fierce anticommunist. However, he and secretary of state, Henry Kissinger, were realists that saw they needed to pursue international stability. They preferred power to ideology and with that stability rather than relentless conflict.
 * How did Nixon change policies with major communist powers?**

Nixon hoped that by improving relations with the Soviets, the Russians could influence North Vietnam into ending the Vietnam War on terms acceptable to America.
 * What were Nixon’s intentions in improving relations with the Soviets?**

Nixon realized that, although connected by communism, China had different interests than the Soviet Union. The trip led to China taking their seat back at the United Nations, previously occupied by Taiwan. This eventually led to full diplomatic relations in 1979. However, in a more immediate response, this had dramatically increased trade between the two.
 * What did Nixon’s visit to China accomplish?**

[] This article further explores the intentions between détente between China and the Soviets. It suggests that Nixon and Kissinger were aiming to build on the different intentions of the Soviets and the Chinese to amplify the Sino-Soviet Rift. Nixon hoped to end communism by separating the alliance between the two. Nixon tried to go through both China and the Soviets in order to create an independent South Korea.

When Nixon visited the Soviet Union, he engaged in intense negotiations with Leonid Brezhnev. The outcome was increased trade and two new weapon treaties. SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) froze each country’s arsenal of intercontinental missiles that were capable of carrying nuclear warheads. The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty banned the development of systems to intercept incoming missiles, so that neither side would be tempted to attack the other without fearing retaliation. Through détente, or peaceful coexistence, Nixon and Brezhnev aimed to end the hostility of the Cold War.
 * How did the hostility between the Soviets and America end?**

http://www.ibhistorytopics.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/2007-06-11-nixon_detente.jpg

Nixon and Vietnam
(Ali Giron)
 * 1) **//What was Vietnamization?//**
 * 2) It was a policy that Nixon came up with where American troops would gradually be withdrawn while South Vietnamese soldiers, who would continue to be backed up by American bombing, did more of the work. This did not limit the war or end the antiwar movement.
 * 3) //**How did Cambodia get involved and what happened as a result?**//
 * 4) Because Nixon wanted to cut North Vietnamese supply lines, he ordered the troops into neutral Cambodia. It didn’t achieve what Nixon had wanted and instead set the Cambodian government off balance. This cutting through Cambodia would set in motion a series of events that would lead to the Khmer Rouge coming into power.
 * 5) **//Where and what types of protests occurred?//**
 * 6) After the killing of 4 antiwar protesters at Kent State University, the student movement expanded even more. In 1970, more than 350 colleges and universities experienced strikes with troops occupying 21 of those campuses.
 * 7) [[image:http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/files/images/vietnam-protest-march.jpg]]
 * 8) This is a picture of a protest from the Victoria University because of the visit of a two-man American Vietnam mission to New Zealand.
 * 9) Web Source: http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/media/photo/vietnam-war-protest-1967
 * 10) //**How did the African American role in the military change during this time?**//
 * 11) The troops mainly consisted of working whites and racial minorities. African America ns accounted for at least 20% of American casualties. The reason why racial minorities were the ones that were in the troops was because those people who went to colleges were not part of the draft for the Vietnam war.
 * 12) **//What social changes occurred among the troops?//**
 * 13) They experimented with drugs, wore peace and black power symbols, refused orders and assaulted unpopular officers. Some of them even deserted the army.
 * 14) **//What were the Pentagon papers? What happened because of these papers?//**
 * 15) These papers were published in the //Times// and were papers created by the Defense Department, who were able to trace American involvement in Vietnam back to World War II. These papers also reveal how presidents had misled the American people about it.
 * 16) "<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif,geneva,verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">When the "Pentagon Papers" were released to the the //New York Times// in 1971, the Nixon administration prevented the 7,000-page document from further publication due to the leaking of overwhelmingly incriminating evidence against presidents Kennedy and Johnson. Presented by a former U.S. Marine and military analyst Daniel Ellsberg, its publication was only resumed after it was ordered by the U.S.[|Supreme Court]. The document substantially eroded public support for the Vietnam War. It also lead to further investigations, including those of alleged illegal activities within the Nixon administration that eventually uncovered the [|Watergate Scandal] and lead to Nixon's resignation."
 * 17) <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif,geneva,verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">Websource: http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1888.html
 * 18) **//What was the War Powers Act?//**
 * 19) It was an act that required the president to seek congressional approval for the commitment of American troops overseas.
 * 20) **//What were some factors that turned people against the war?//**
 * 21) One of these factors was the killing of the protesters at Kent State University. The antiwar movement included all types of colleges, not just elite ones like Columbia and Berkeley. The decline of discipline in the troops also convinced many leaders that the US had to leave Vietnam. The publishing of details on the My Lai massacre and the fact that one soldier was found guilty of committing the killing of 350 people, also contributed to the lack of support.

The End of the Vietnam War (Mariel Hernandez)
The Paris peace agreement also known as the Paris peace accords was signed in January 27, 1973 however; it was the result of five years of peace talks. It called for a cease-fire. South Vietnam’s government remained however, North Vietnam and Viet Cong soldiers ruled over some place of the South. And through this agreement the draft of Americans stopped and troops in Vietnam were sent home. And most important the Paris peace agreement called for restoration of Vietnam yet, it didn’t answer the question if Vietnam would be united once again or remain separated. Vietnam become one single country renewed in the spring of 1975 the North launched a final military attack on the South. Since the South was already weak without American aid the North was able to capture Saigon and South Vietnam collapsed. American entanglement ceased when the American embassy evacuated. It was the first war the U.S. lost. They spent about $100 billion dollars for the war in total. Concerning causalities, 58,000 Americans died which was nothing in comparison with the 3 to 4 million Vietnamese. Robert McNamara was former secretary of defense although he didn’t have pervious education concerning defense he learned fast and became very active in his work. In McNamara’s memoir, which came out two decades after the war, he confessed the policy was “terribly wrong” because enduring the time they thought all communist ideals were the same in every country. In his memoir he gives the example of Moscow although, the New York Times rejected McNamara’s apology they did supported the war when troops were still in Vietnam.
 * 1**<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">**. What was the Paris peace agreement?**
 * 2. Would Vietnam become on country or two?**
 * 3. What were the effects of American entanglement in the Vietnam War?**
 * 4. Who was Robert McNamara? And what was his viewpoint on the Vietnam War?**

In more critical investigation about question one I found this website: [] and it goes in depth about the Paris Peace accords and it is a short outline on what the accords covered. For example, it discussed people’s rights to international affairs. I think the two most interesting parts is Chapter VIII which discuses U.S.’ relationship with Vietnam and Chapter IV which talks about the South Vietnam citizens ‘right to self- determination.

Here is a picture of the signing of Paris peace Agreement. And this was the actual day of the signing. (Julia Wrona) What did the Paris peace agreement lead to? - The agreement left in place the government of South Vietnam but also left North Vietnamese and Viet Cong soldiers in control of parts of the South. This agreement also caused the issue as to whether Vietnam was one country or two. It also had volunteers make up the armed forces.

What happened in the spring of 1975? - North Vietnamese launched a final military offensive which caused the government of the South to collapse. Even with this happening the United States did not intervene except to evacuate the American Embassy, and Vietnam was reunified under communist rule.

Why was the Vietnam war significant? -The Vietnam war was significant because this was the only war the United States has lost. Vietnam was a military, political, and social disaster for the US. At the end of the war 58,000 Americans had been killed, 3 million to 4 million Vietnamese killed, and it cost the US about $100 billion. This was also significant because it broke Americas confidence in their own beliefs and also challenged it and the purpose of America.

What did Robert McNamara state? - Robert McNamara stated that he was "terribly wrong" with the policy he helped shape. Being ignorant of the history and culture of Vietnam made him regret leading America into the war against them. He felt wrong that he took the unlived lives of the men that died in the war.

Outside source: The Paris peace agreement ended the war with Vietnam and had all American military forces leave the country.This agreement stopped the fighting of the North and South for a little bit. The fighting between the North and South ended later when the North took over the South's capital and brought communism to Vietnam. [] []

Watergate (Jordan Overshoun-Hall)
June 1942, 5 former employees for Nixon's reelection committee broke into the Democratic Party headquarters in the Watergate apartment complex in D.C. The reason for their break-in is still unknown. Nixon had recordings of conversations in his office. This scandal later lead to the resignation of President Nixon. A pair of Washington Post journalist published a series of investigative stories that exposed the details of the Watergate Scandal. The 1976 movie, "All The President's Men" is about the scandal from a journalistic perspective.
 * What was the Watergate Scandal?**
 * What was Nixon's involvement in the scandal?**
 * How was it exposed?**

Another person highly associated with the scandal was Deep Throat, whose identity was unknown until 30 years after the fact. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/watergate/

=**The End of the Vietnam War**= (Alexander Moll) 1. What was the Paris peace agreement? a. After five years of talking, it was made possible to final withdraw American troops from Vietnam. By leaving Vietnam it left not only the government of South Vietnam in charge, but also the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong soldiers in control of parts of the South.

2. What happened when North Vietnam launched their final military offensive in the spring of 1975? a. The government of South Vietnam collapsed, and the US did not intervene except to evacuate the American Embassy, and Vietnam was once again controlled by communism.

3. Why was the Vietnam war a military, political, and social disaster? a. When it ended, 58,000 Americans had been killed, along with 3 to 4 million Vietnamese. Also, the war cost the US around $100 billion. The war also challenged many long-standing American beliefs about the country and its purposes.

4. What was McNamara’s apology about and how was it accepted? a. It said that his policy had been terribly wrong, and that he had been wrong about communism and that he deeply regretted the war. The New York times rejected his apology, saying that young men died for no purpose and those lives could not easily be wished away.

Another reason why Vietnam was a complete disaster was because the US failed to defeat communism. Also the American attitude could have possibly contributed to this disaster. They had never lost a war before and they thought they could win anything, so they continued to send troops and lead people to their death.

Nixon’s Fall
(Jason Chong)
 * How was Nixon involved in the Watergate scandal?
 * He bribed the burglars to keep quiet or commit perjury and halted the FBI from investigating any further into the situation. Soon following the House Judiciary Committee voted that He be impeached and he resigned.
 * How is Nixon's presidency the example of the abuse of political power?
 * during his presidency, his Vice President resigned after revelations that he was accepting bribes when he was governor of Maryland. Also his Attorney General and White House were arrested right after Watergate due to abstraction of justice. Finally there was the tired silencing of Watergate by Nixon.
 * []
 * This Source tells of the scandal that ruined Nixon's career.This reveals the many mistakes he made during that time and how it affected his own image. Because of these many scandals he resigns leaving behind this tainted legacy of his.
 * Did Nixon believe he had done anything wrong?
 * He believed that he had done nothing wrong, or at least other president also are guilty of lying and illegality.
 * Who lead Senate hearings laid bare history of of abusive actions of the administration since the beginning of the cold war?
 * This person was Frank Church, who brought forth records of illegal FBI and CIA action during the Cold War.
 * [[image:paboutchurch3.jpg link="http://www.boiseschools.org/schools/church/aboutchurch.html"]]
 * How did American's view on the government change after the scandals that took place?
 * America's view started to agree with conservatives. That the government should be more limited in order to protect liberty.